So You Want to Know About: Tapeworms

Ok, ladies, you asked for it....

Tapeworm: The Basics

Tapeworm infection is caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. If you ingest certain tapeworm eggs, they can migrate outside your intestines and form larval cysts in body tissues and organs (invasive infection). If you ingest tapeworm larvae, however, they develop into adult tapeworms in your intestines (intestinal infection).

An adult tapeworm consists of a head, neck and chain of segments called proglottids. When you have an intestinal tapeworm infection, the tapeworm head adheres to the intestinal wall, and the proglottids grow and produce eggs. Adult tapeworms can live for up to 30 years in a host. Intestinal tapeworm infections are usually mild, but invasive larval infections can cause serious complications.

A tapeworm infection starts after ingestion of tapeworm eggs or larvae.

• Ingestion of eggs. If you eat food or drink water contaminated with feces from a person or animal with tapeworm, you ingest microscopic tapeworm eggs. For example, a pig infected with tapeworm will pass tapeworm eggs in its feces, which gets into the soil. If this same soil comes in contact with a food or water source, it becomes contaminated. You can then be infected when you eat or drink something from the contaminated source. Once inside your intestines, the eggs develop into larvae. At this stage, the larvae become mobile. If they migrate out of your intestines, they form cysts in other tissues, such as your lungs, central nervous system or liver.
• Ingestion of larvae cysts in meat or muscle tissue. When an animal has a tapeworm infection, it has tapeworm larvae in its muscle tissue. If you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal, you ingest the larvae, which then develop into adult tapeworms in your intestines. Adult tapeworms can measure more than 50 feet (15.2 meters) long and can survive as long as 30 years in a host. Some tapeworms attach themselves to the walls of the intestines, where they cause irritation or mild inflammation, while others may pass through to your stool and exit your body.

Factors that may put you at greater risk of tapeworm infection include:

• Poor hygiene. Infrequent washing and bathing increases the risk of accidental transfer of contaminated matter to your mouth.
• Exposure to livestock. This is especially problematic in areas where human and animal feces are not disposed of properly.
• Traveling to developing countries. Infection occurs more frequently in areas with poor sanitation practices.
• Eating raw or undercooked meats. Improper cooking may fail to kill tapeworm eggs and larvae contained in contaminated pork or beef.
• Living in endemic areas. In certain parts of the world, exposure to tapeworm eggs is more likely. For instance, your risk of coming into contact with eggs of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is greater in areas of Latin America, China, sub-Saharan Africa or Southeast Asia where free-range pigs are common.

Many people with intestinal tapeworm infection have no symptoms. If you do feel the effects, your symptoms will depend on the type of tapeworm you have and its location.

Signs and symptoms of intestinal infection include:

• Nausea
• Weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Weight loss and inadequate absorption of nutrients from food

Information gathered from The Mayo Clinic.

"Tapeworm Infection." - Mayo Clinic. 2 Dec. 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tapeworm/basics/definition/con-20025898>.

 

So You Want to Know About: Morphine Addiction

Check out this video: Drug Addiction in the 1930s

 

Overview of Morphine Abuse

As an opiate, morphine can be both physically and psychologically addictive. This means that

• The body develops a tolerance to the drug and as use continues, it requires more and more to achieve the desired effect.
• Certain reinforcing brain patterns may develop as a person obsesses over the drug and its effects and, in turn, compel the user to compulsively seek it out.

Morphine, like other prescription opiates, can quickly lead to dependency and abuse, even when the user begins taking it for legitimate medical reasons.

Signs and Symptoms

Misuse of morphine can have a number of side effects, including:

• Lowered blood pressure.
• Confusion.
• Dizziness.
• Itchy skin.
• Extreme drowsiness.
• Pinpoint pupils.
• Difficulty breathing (or inability to breathe).
• Loss of consciousness.
• Weak pulse/poor circulation.
• Gastrointestinal disturbances.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Cyanosis, or blue tint to lips and fingernails.
• Coma and death in overdose situations.

Note that one of the main symptoms of morphine abuse is constipation. This is slows the normal movement of the digestive tract.

A serious complication of morphine abuse is depressed respiratory function. In some situations, this can cause asphyxia and death. Combining morphine with alcohol or other drugs significantly increases this risk.

Effects of Morphine Abuse

Health Effects

• Alternating periods of alertness and unconsciousness.
• Sleep apnea.
• Problems urinating.
• Weakened immune system.
• Hallucinations.
• Collapsed veins or circulatory inflammation (in intravenous users).
• Increased risk of blood-borne disease (especially in intravenous users).

Mental and Social Effects

• Faking injuries or harming oneself in an attempt to see a doctor for a prescription.
• Poor hygiene.
• Inability to concentrate.
• Change in friends/acquaintances.
• Withdrawal from friends and family.

Withdrawal from opiates such as morphine can be quite uncomfortable, and the unpleasant symptoms sometimes diminish one’s resolve to quit using in the first place. Symptoms of withdrawal from morphine may include:

• Anxiety.
• Chills.
• Gastrointestinal problems, such as diarrhea and cramps.
• Fast heartbeat and breathing rate.
• Insomnia.
• Joint or muscle pain.
• Loss of appetite.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Restlessness.
• Runny nose.
• Sneezing.
• Sweating.
• Weakness.

This information was taken from:

"Morphine Abuse." Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

http://drugabuse.com/library/morphine-abuse/

So You Want to Know About: Rabies

The Quick Info:

Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes.

The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The early symptoms of rabies in people are similar to that of many other illnesses, including fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort. As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation (increase in saliva), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset of these symptoms.

Over the last 100 years, rabies in the United States has changed dramatically. More than 90% of all animal cases reported annually to CDC now occur in wildlife; before 1960 the majority were in domestic animals. The principal rabies hosts today are wild carnivores and bats.

The number of rabies-related human deaths in the United States has declined from more than 100 annually at the turn of the century (early 1900s) to one or two per year in the 1990's. Modern day prophylaxis has proven nearly 100% successful.

In the United States, human fatalities associated with rabies occur in people who fail to seek medical assistance, usually because they were unaware of their exposure.


VOCAB DEFINITION:
 
PROPHYLAXIS: action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease:

How is rabies transmitted?

The Path of the Rabies Virus

All species of mammals are susceptible to rabies virus infection, but only a few species are important as reservoirs for the disease. In the United States, distinct strains of rabies virus have been identified in raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes. Several species of insectivorous bats are also reservoirs for strains of the rabies virus.

Transmission of rabies virus usually begins when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal. The most common mode of rabies virus transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. Though transmission has been rarely documented via other routes such as contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal and organ transplantations.

Exposure to the Virus

People usually get rabies from the bite of a rabid animal. It is also possible, but quite rare, that people may get rabies if infectious material from a rabid animal, such as saliva, gets directly into their eyes, nose, mouth, or a wound.

Scratches, abrasions, open wounds, or mucous membranes contaminated with saliva or other potentially infectious material (such as brain tissue) from a rabid animal constitute non-bite exposures. Occasionally reports of non-bite exposure are such that postexposure prophylaxis is given.
Inhalation of aerosolized rabies virus is also a potential non-bite route of exposure, but except for laboratory workers, most people won't encounter an aerosol of rabies virus.
Other contact, such as petting a rabid animal or contact with the blood, urine or feces of a rabid animal, does not constitute an exposure.

The only well-documented cases of rabies caused by human-to-human transmission occurred among eight recipients of transplanted corneas, and recently among three recipients of solid organs. Guidelines for acceptance of suitable cornea and organ donations, as well as the rarity of human rabies in the United States, reduce this risk.

In addition to transmission from cornea and organ transplants, bite and non-bite exposures inflicted by infected humans could theoretically transmit rabies, but no such cases have been documented. Casual contact, such as touching a person with rabies or contact with non-infectious fluid or tissue (urine, blood, feces) does not constitute an exposure and does not require postexposure prophylaxis. In addition, contact with someone who is receiving rabies vaccination does not constitute rabies exposure and does not require postexposure prophylaxis.

What are the signs and symptoms of rabies?

The first symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. These symptoms may last for days.

There may be also discomfort or a prickling or itching sensation at the site of bite, progressing within days to symptoms of cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation. As the disease progresses, the person may experience delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, and insomnia.

The acute period of disease typically ends after 2 to 10 days. Once clinical signs of rabies appear, the disease is nearly always fatal, and treatment is typically supportive.

Disease prevention includes administration of both passive antibody, through an injection of human immune globulin and a round of injections with rabies vaccine.

Once a person begins to exhibit signs of the disease, survival is rare. To date less than 10 documented cases of human survival from clinical rabies have been reported and only two have not had a history of pre- or postexposure prophylaxis.


This information is taken from The Center for Disease Control and Prevention Website:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 Sept. 2015. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.
 

To Kill a Mockingbird: Chapter Eleven Summary

Chapter Eleven Summary

Now that Scout's a grown-up second-grader, tormenting Boo Radley seems like little kid stuff. She's setting her sights beyond the neighborhood to the metropolis of downtown Maycomb.

Getting downtown, however, requires getting past the house of Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose.

The old woman hurls insults at them every time they pass her house, no matter how nice they are to her.

But Atticus makes polite conversation with Mrs. Dubose, so Scout think he's incredibly brave.

The day after Jem turns twelve, he's got a load of birthday cash to spend. They head down to town for him to lighten his pockets.

On the list of purchases: a toy steam engine for Jem and a baton for Scout.

As they pass Mrs. Dubose, she accuses them of playing hooky (skipping school), even though it's Saturday.

Jem and Scout can put up with that, but when she insults their father for defending Tom Robinson, Scout has to drag Jem away.

They make their purchases and head home, passing by Mrs. Dubose's house again.

She's not on the front porch, and Jem snaps. He grabs Scout's new baton, and uses it to destroy Mrs. Dubose's camellias, finally breaking the baton over his knee.

Atticus comes home, and he's not happy.

He tells his son that no matter what she said, those poor flowers never did anyone any harm, and Jem needs to go apologize—right now.

Meanwhile, Scout finally speaks her mind. No, her dad says, it's not fair. But things are only going to get worse as the Tom Robinson case gets closer.

When they're older, they'll understand why he's doing what he's doing.

But isn't Atticus wrong, because most of the townspeople think he is?

Nope, Atticus says. Personal conscience isn't a democracy.

Finally, Jem's back. He cleaned up the yard and apologized (even though he didn't mean it), and now Mrs. Dubose wants him to come over every day except Sunday to read to her.

Atticus says he has to do it. There's no point in apologizing unless it's sincere. As a sick old lady Mrs. Dubose can't be held responsible for her actions.

Atticus is a lot more forgiving then we are.

Anyway, Jem heads over to Mrs. Dubose's house for his first round of reading. Scout goes with him.

They find her in bed, and she gets in a few sharp words before Jem starts reading.

Her face is disgusting—wrinkled, spotty, toothless, and drooling—so Scout tries to find something else to look at.

After a while, the kids notice that Mrs. Dubose's frequent corrections of his mistakes had dropped off, and she doesn't even notice when he stops mid-sentence.

Huh. She appears to be in some sort of fit. The kids ask if she's all right, but she doesn't answer.

Then an alarm clock goes off, and Mrs. Dubose's servant Jessie shoos them out of the house, saying it's time for Mrs. Dubose's medicine.

Reading to Mrs. Dubose becomes part of their daily schedule.

One evening Scout asks Atticus what exactly a "n-gger-lover" is, since that's what Mrs. Dubose frequently calls him, and it's also what Francis said.

Is that why she jumped Francis? Yes.

Atticus asks why Scout's asking for a definition if she understood it well enough to make it the reason for a fight, and Scout says that it was the way Francis said it that got on her nerves.

Atticus tells her that the term doesn't mean anything, but it's something "ignorant, trashy people use […] when they think somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves", and that even higher-class people use it sometimes when they want to put someone down.

It's not actually an insult; it just shows you how "poor" the person using it is.

One afternoon while Jem is plugging away at reading aloud to Mrs. Dubose, Atticus surprises them by coming in.

It turns out he's just left work—Mrs. Dubose has been setting the alarm clock later and later each day, so Jem and Scout have been staying longer and longer without even realizing it.

Mrs. Dubose says that Jem has to come for a week longer, even though the original month is up, and Atticus says he has to do it.

Finally the last day of reading is over. Hooray! Now Jem can turn to more important things, like college football.

One evening, Mrs. Dubose dies. Atticus comes home with a box and an explanation: Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict and wanted to kick the habit before she died as a matter of personal pride.

Her fits were caused by withdrawal, and the reading helped keep her mind off the cravings till the alarm clock went off and she could have a dose (which also explains why the reading periods got longer and longer).

By the end of the reading afternoons, she was free of the drug habit.

The box Atticus brought home is for Jem. When he opens it he finds a camellia.

Jem is angry at this needling from beyond the grave, but Atticus tells him that he thinks it's a message that everything's all right.

If Jem hadn't gone on an anti-camellia rampage, Atticus might have made his son go read to Mrs. Dubose anyway, in order "to see what real courage is")—not using a gun, but fighting for a cause you believe in even if you know you probably won't win.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 11 Summary." Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

To Kill a Mockingbird: Chapter Ten Summary

Chapter Ten Summary

• Jem and Scout think their father super uncool, not to mention old. He can't even play football, like the other kids' fathers do.
• Plus, kids at school are giving them grief about the Tom Robinson case, and Scout can't even fight now that she's promised her dad not to.
• And Atticus refuses to teach Scout and Jem how to shoot their shiny new air rifles. Luckily, Uncle Jack steps up.
• Atticus tells Jem that "it's a sin to kill a mockingbird".
• Although apparently bluejays are okay.
• Scout grumps about how their neighborhood is all old people, and Miss Maudie acknowledges that there aren't any 20- or 30-somethings around to be role models.
• Miss Maudie tries to defend Atticus (he's a checkers grand master! he can play the mouth harp!), but Scout is not impressed.
• Then Jem is all depressed when his father refuses to join in on the town's Methodists vs. Baptists football game. Seriously, worst dad ever. Right?
• One day Jem and Scout go off to find local wildlife to kill when they see a dog acting kind of strange.
• Calpurnia dashes for the phone to tell Atticus that there's a mad dog (i.e., rabid) on the loose.
• Then she talks to Miss Eula May, the town telephone operator, to tell her to let everyone else on the street know that they should stay out of the way of the rabid animal.
• The Radleys don't have a phone, so Calpurnia runs over to their place, bangs on their front door, and shouts, "Mad dog's comin'!"
• Everyone hunkers down inside to watch the dog.
• The dog finally gets within range of Heck Tate's rifle, but he wants Atticus to make the shot. See, if he misses, the bullet will hit the Radley Place. And Mr. Tate knows he can't shoot that well.
• Atticus reluctantly takes the weapon, walks to the middle of the street, aims, fires, and kills the dog.
• Jem is flabbergasted. This is apparently like all of a sudden seeing your dad make a perfect three-point jump shot or make it through the Expert level of a Guitar Hero song you've been failing.
• Miss Maudie tells Jem and Scout that Atticus "was the deadest shot in Maycomb County in his time" and his nickname was "Ol' One-Shot".
• So why have Scout and Jem never heard their dad talk about it?
• Well, Atticus feels that his marksmanship is a God-given talent that gives him an unfair advantage over other living creatures, and that he shouldn't use it unless he has to.
• Scout wants to brag to everyone at school about her father's shooting skill, but Jem tells her not to, because he thinks Atticus wouldn't want her to, since he's never mentioned it before.
• Jem says that he wouldn't care if Atticus couldn't do anything, because, as he says, "Atticus is a gentleman, just like me!".
• Sounds like someone (Jem) has learned a valuable lesson.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 10 Summary." Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

To Kill a Mockingbird: Chapter Nine Summary

Chapter Nine Summary

• Scout is ready to fight Cecil Jacobs on the schoolyard when he says that her father defends "n-ggers". (This is the word the book uses, so we'll use it here, despite its history of offensiveness. See the "Speech and Dialogue" section in "Tools of Characterization" for a fuller explanation of how this term functions in the book.)
• When Scout asks Atticus about it, he tells her not to say "n-gger."
• Scout then asks him if all lawyers defend Negroes, and he says that of course they do.
• So why does Cecil make it sound worse than bootlegging (booze, not music)? Atticus tries to explain to Scout the complexities of race relations in Maycomb.
• See, just because lawyers have black clients doesn't mean they actually do a good job at defending them. But Atticus does.
• For him, it boils down to self-respect: he couldn't hold his head up if he did less than his best.
• Is he going to win the case? No, but they have to try anyway.
• Atticus reassures Scout: "But remember this, no matter how bitter things get, they're [the residents of Maycomb are] still our friends and this is still our home".
• The next day at school, Scout is about to fight Cecil Jacobs when she remembers what Atticus told her and walks away instead, even though she gets called a coward.
• Soon it's Christmas, which means a visit from Uncle Jack (good), but also a visit to Aunt Alexandra (bad).
• Even worse, it means having to spend time with Aunt Alexandra's grandson Francis, who is the yin to Scout’s yang.
• Uncle Jack arrives with two long packages of mysterious contents.
• Scout cusses while Uncle Jack's around, and later he tells her that she shouldn't do that if she wants to grow up to be a lady (which she doesn't).
• The next day is Christmas morning, and they open the mysterious packages to find a pair of long-desired air rifles.
• They head down to Finch's Landing, without their air rifles (to Scout's dismay, as she'd already had fantasies about shooting Francis).
• Jem abandons his sister to schmooze with the adults, leaving Scout to deal with the dreaded Francis—whose main problem so far seems to be liking boring Christmas presents.
• Apparently Aunt Alexandra has strong ideas as to what girls should be and wear (frilly dresses) that are very different from Scout's (overalls).
• Oh, here's the problem: eventually, Francis quotes Aunt Alexandra, calling Atticus a "n-gger-lover" who's "ruinin' the family".
• Scout pounces on Francis, gets in trouble with Uncle Jack, and then heads back home to sulk. Eventually, Uncle Jack asks Scout to explain her side of the story. When she explains, Uncle Jack wants to go beat up the little punk himself, but instead he just bandages her still-bleeding hand.
• Later Scout overhears Uncle Jack and Atticus talking. Atticus tells Uncle Jack some things about children: answer them truthfully, and bad language is less dangerous than hotheadedness.
• Atticus says that Scout needs to learn to control her temper because things are only going to get harder.
• How bad are things are going to get? Really bad.
• He also says that he'd rather not have taken the case, but once it was offered to him he couldn't refuse it in good conscience.
• Atticus hopes he can get his kids through the case without their "catching Maycomb's usual disease"—going "stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up"—and that they will come to him if they have questions.
• Atticus then tells Scout, still lurking around the corner eavesdropping, to go to bed. Years later, an older Scout realizes that her father meant her to overhear the conversation.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 9 Summary." Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

To Kill a Mockingbird: Chapter Eight Summary

Chapter Eight Summary

Maycomb gets a season it hadn't seen in a while: winter.

Mr. Avery tells the kids that bad children makes the seasons change — what?

Mrs. Radley dies, and Atticus goes to pay his condolences at the Radleys. When he comes back Jem and Scout pounce on him to ask if he saw Boo in the flesh (he didn't).

Scout is terrified when she wakes up one morning to see white stuff pouring from the sky.

Yep, it's snow.

School is cancelled (for like an inch of snow!!), so Jem and Scout set out to make a snowman, though they don't really know how and there isn't much snow.

That night, it's freezing.

Atticus wakes Scout in the middle of the night because Miss Maudie's house—next door to the Finches'—is on fire!

Once the fire is finally put out (and Miss Maudie's house is reduced to a smoking hole in the ground), the Finches return to their fortunately undamaged home.

And then Atticus notices something: Scout is wrapped in a blanket that she didn't have when she left the house.

Scout swears that she stayed right where Atticus told her to, in front of the Radley Place, but she and Jem saw Mr. Nathan (and pretty much every neighbor they have) fighting the fire so it couldn't have been him who put the blanket on her. So if he wasn't the stealthy blanket-deliverer, it must have been some other occupant of that house.

Hmm...I wonder who that could be?

Jem spills to Atticus all about the knothole and the cement and his mended pants.

Atticus finally says outright that it must have been Boo Radley who brought the blanket, and Scout, who's been late for the clue train, is hit by delayed terror at the thoughtg.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 8 Summary." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.

The Story of Lilith, Adam's First Wife

The Story of Lilith, Adam's First Wife

Excerpts taken from "Eve and the Identity of Women"
by Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe
2000



In an effort to explain inconsistencies in the Old Testament, there developed in Jewish literature a complex interpretive system called the midrash which attempts to reconcile biblical contradictions and bring new meaning to the scriptural text.

Employing both a philological method and often an ingenious imagination, midrashic writings, which reached their height in the 2nd century CE, influenced later Christian interpretations of the Bible. Inconsistencies in the story of Genesis, especially the two separate accounts of creation, received particular attention. Later, beginning in the 13th century CE, such questions were also taken up in Jewish mystical literature known as the Kabbalah.

According to midrashic literature, Adam's first wife was not Eve but a woman named Lilith, who was created in the first Genesis account. Only when Lilith rebelled and abandoned Adam did God create Eve, in the second account, as a replacement. In an important 13th century Kabbalah text, the Sefer ha-Zohar ("The Book of Splendour") written by the Spaniard Moses de Leon (c. 1240-1305), it is explained that:

At the same time Jehovah created Adam, he created a woman, Lilith, who like Adam was taken from the earth. She was given to Adam as his wife. But there was a dispute between them about a matter that when it came before the judges had to be discussed behind closed doors. She spoke the unspeakable name of Jehovah and vanished.

In the Alpha Betha of Ben Sira (Alphabetum Siracidis, or Sepher Ben Sira), an anonymous collection of midrashic proverbs probably compiled in the 11th century C.E., it is explained more explicitly that the conflict arose because Adam, as a way of asserting his authority over Lilith, insisted that she lie beneath him during sexual intercourse (23 A-B). Lilith, however, considering herself to be Adam's equal, refused, and after pronouncing the Ineffable Name (i.e. the magic name of God) flew off into the air.

Adam, distraught and no doubt also angered by her insolent behaviour, wanted her back. On Adam's request, God sent three angels, named Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof, who found her in the Red Sea. Despite the threat from the three angels that if she didn't return to Adam one hundred of her sons would die every day, she refused, claiming that she was created expressly to harm newborn infants. However, she did swear that she would not harm any infant wearing an amulet with the images and/or names of the three angels on it.

 

At this point, the legend of Lilith as the "first Eve" merges with the earlier legend of Sumero-Babylonian origin, dating from around 3,500 BCE, of Lilith as a winged female demon who kills infants and endangers women in childbirth. In this role, she was one of several mazakim or "harmful spirits" known from incantation formulas preserved in Assyrian, Hebrew, and Canaanite inscriptions intended to protect against them. As a female demon, she is closely related to Lamashtu whose evilness included killing children, drinking the blood of men, and eating their flesh. Lamashtu also caused pregnant women to miscarry, disturbed sleep and brought nightmares.

In turn, Lamashtu is like another demonized female called Lamia, a Libyan serpent goddess, whose name is probably a Greek variant of Lamashtu. Like Lamashtu, Lamia also killed children. In the guise of a beautiful woman, she also seduced young men. In the Latin Vulgate Bible, Lamia is given as the translation of the Hebrew Lilith (and in other translations it is given as "screech owl" and "night monster").

It needs to be remembered that these demonic "women" are essentially personifications of unseen forces invented to account for otherwise inexplicable events and phenomena which occur in the real world. Lilith, Lamashtu, Lamia and other female demons like them are all associated with the death of children and especially with the death of newborn infants.

It may be easily imagined that they were held accountable for such things as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS, also called crib death, or cot death) where an apparently healthy infant dies for no obvious reason. Cot death occurs almost always during sleep at night and is the most common cause of death of infants. Its cause still remains unknown.

By inventing evil spirits like Lilith, Lamashtu, and Lamia, parents were not only able to identify the enemy but also to know what they had to guard against. Amulets with the names of the three angels were intended to protect against the power of Lilith.

 

Through the literature of the Kabbalah, Lilith became fixed in Jewish demonology where her primary role is that of strangler of children and a seducer of men. The Kabbalah further enhanced her demonic character by making her the partner of Samael (i.e. Satan) and queen of the realm of the forces of evil.

In this guise, she appears as the antagonistic negative counterpart of the Shekhinah ("Divine Presence"), the mother of the House of Israel. The Zohar repeatedly contrasts Lilith the unholy whorish woman with the Shekhinah as the holy, noble, and capable woman. In much the same way, Eve the disobedient, lustful sinner is contrasted with the obedient and holy Virgin Mary in Christian literature.

 

Through her couplings with the devil (or with Adam, as his succubus), Lilith gave birth to one hundred demonic children a day (the one hundred children threatened with death by the three angels). In this way, Lilith was held responsible for populating the world with evil.

If you ask how Lilith herself, the first wife of Adam, became evil, the answer lies in her insubordination to her husband Adam. It is her independence from Adam, her position beyond the control of a male, that makes her "evil."

She is disobedient and like Eve, and indeed all women who are willful, she is perceived as posing a constant threat to the divinely ordered state of affairs defined by men.

Lilith is represented as a powerfully sexual woman against whom men and babies felt they had few defenses and, except for a few amulets, little protection. Much more so than Eve, Lilith is the personification female sexuality.

Her legend serves to demonstrate how, when unchecked, female sexuality is disruptive and destructive. Lilith highlights how women, beginning with Eve, use their sexuality to seduce men. She provides thereby a necessary sexual dimension, which is otherwise lacking, to the Genesis story which, when read in literal terms, portrays Eve not as some wicked femme fatale but as a naive and largely sexless fool. Only as a Lilith-like character could Eve be seen as a calculating, evil, seductress.

Lilith is referred to only once in the Old Testament. In the Darby translation of Isaiah 34:14 the original Hebrew word is rendered as "lilith"; according to Isaiah, when God's vengeance has turned the land into a wilderness, "there shall the beasts of the desert meet with the jackals, and the wild goat shall cry to his fellow; the lilith also shall settle there, and find for herself a place of rest." The same word is translated elsewhere, however, as "screech owl, "night creatures," "night monsters," and "night hag."

Although it has been suggested that the association with night stems from a similarity between the Sumero-Babylonian demon Lilitu and the Hebrew word laylah meaning "night," Lilith nonetheless seems to have been otherwise associated with darkness and night as a time of fear, vulnerability, and evil.

However, she lurks as a powerful unidentified presence, an unspoken name, in the minds of biblical commentators for whom Eve and Lilith become inextricably intertwined and blended into one person. Importantly, it is this Eve/Lilith amalgam which is used to identify women as the true source of evil in the world.

In the Apocryphal Testament of Reuben (one of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, ostensibly the twelve sons of Jacob), for example, it is explained that:

Women are evil, my children: because they have no power or strength to stand up against man, they use wiles and try to ensnare him by their charms; and man, whom woman cannot subdue by strength, she subdues by guile.
(Testament of Reuben: V, 1-2, 5)

References to Lilith in the Talmud describe her as a night demon with long hair (B. Erubin 100b) and as having a human likeness but with wings (B. Nidda 24b). In Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob ha-Kohen's "Treatise on the Emanations on the Left," written in Spain in the 13th century, she is described as having the form of a beautiful woman from her head to her waist, and "burning fire" from her waist down. Elsewhere, Rabbi Isaac equates her with the primordial serpent Leviathan. 

 

 

 

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Seven Summary

Chapter Seven Summary

 

 

After his adventures at the Radley Place, Jem is in a bad mood for a week.

Scout starts second grade. It's just as bad as first grade.

Jem finally tells Scout what happened when he went back to the Radley House: his pants were folded up on top of the fence, and the tear in them had been sloppily mended.

WHOA.

Passing by the knothole tree, they see a ball of twine resting inside it.

Scout wants to take it, but Jem thinks it might be someone's hiding spot.

When the twine is still there after a few days, Jem takes it, and from then on there are no more qualms about taking things found in the knothole.

A few months later, the knothole holds their best find yet: two figures carved out of soap that bear a striking resemblance to Scout and Jem.

Scout throws them on the ground, thinking about voodoo dolls, but Jem rescues them.

Who could have made them?

The knothole haul keeps getting better and better: a whole pack of chewing gum, a spelling bee medal, and a broken pocket watch (which Jem tries but fails to fix).

Scout and Jem decide to write a letter to their secret benefactor.

But the next day, they find that the knothole has been filled with cement by Mr. Nathan Radley (Boo's brother).

Jem stakes out Mr. Nathan and asks why.

Mr. Nathan says that the tree's sick and the cement is an attempt to cure it.

Later, Jem asks Atticus if that's true. Atticus says it looks healthy to him, but Mr. Radley should know his own trees.

Jem hangs out by himself on the porch for a while, staring at the tree and Scout waits for him to come inside. When he finally does come in, Scout can tell that he's been crying.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 7 Summary." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.



To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Six Summary

Chapter Six Summary

(Aka: One of my favorite chapters!)

 

 

Jem and Scout spend the day with Dill at his aunt's fish pond.

Scout wants to keep an eye out for Mr. Avery, a neighbor who had previously astonished them by peeing in an impressive arc off his front porch, but Dill just wants to go for a walk.

Scout, knowing that no one in Maycomb just goes for a walk, smells a rat.

Oh, you know, they're just going to go to the streetlight by the Radley Place.

And then they just want to peek in the window.

Scout doesn't like this at all, but stops complaining when they accuse her of being a girl about it.

The trio go under the wire fence at the back of the Radley Place and, after dealing with swishy collard greens, a squeaky gate, and clucking chickens, make it up to the house.

Jem and Scout raise Dill up so he can look through the window, but all he sees is curtains.

They're still skulking when Scout sees a shadow—a man's shadow, heading towards Jem.

The shadow (JUST the shadow, remember) goes up to Jem, raises his arm, drops it again, and then leaves.

The kids scram, and Scout trips as she hears a loud noise—someone's shooting at them!

The kids make it home (Jem loses his pants along the way) and see a bunch of neighbors in front of the Radley Place.

Miss Maudie tells them that Mr. Radley has been shooting at a "Negro" in his yard.  (It was really them, but Mr. Radley - and more importantly the adults - don't know that.)

Suddenly everyone notices that Jem doesn't have any pants on.

Dill tries to save the day by saying they were playing strip poker, but playing cards is a big no-no in Maycomb, so Jem says that they were actually playing with matches.

Whatevs, everyone says, and they head off to bed. Scout worries that every sound she hears might be Boo Radley coming to take his revenge. But Jem's off to get his pants. Scout tries to stop him, but Jem heads off anyway.

Scout sits outside on the porch, listening for the dreaded shotgun blast and waiting for Jem to return for what seems like FOREVER.

Finally Jem returns. With the pants.

 

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 6 Summary." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Five Summary

Chapter Five Summary

 



• Scout convinces Jem to back off on the Radley game, and then Dill asks Scout to marry him.

• Despite this moment of passion, the boys spend most of their time together and neglect Scout.

• So, Scout spends her time hanging out with Miss Maudie Atkinson, a usually stand-off-ish old lady.

• Bonus: Miss Maudie makes the best cakes in the neighborhood, and best of all, shares them with the three kids.

• Flashback: Scout's Uncle Jack has a history of flirting with Miss Maudie, though in a joking way.

• Miss Maudie tells Scout more about the Radleys, including that old Mr. Radley (Boo's father) was a "foot-washing Baptist", which is apparently much more hardcore than just regular Baptists.

• In fact, some of Mr. Radley's fellow foot-washers have told Miss Maudie that she and her flowers are going to burn in Hell because any time spent not reading the Bible is time spent in sin, especially if it involves creating something pleasing to the senses. (No word on whether criticizing one's neighbors counts as a sin with them.)

• Miss Maudie says that the Radleys are "so busy worrying about the next world [Heaven/Hell] they've never learned to live in this one".

• Is Boo crazy? Well, if he wasn't when this whole thing started, he probably is now.

• Scout finally breaks into Jem and Dill's Get Rid Of Slimy Girls Club, and finds out what they've been planning to do: use a fishing pole to put a note to Boo through one of the upper windows of the Radley Place.

• When they put the plan into action, Jem has some difficulty maneuvering the fishing pole, which is too short to reach the window.

• And then Atticus shows up. And he doesn't look pleased.

• Atticus tells the kids to stop bothering Boo, who has a perfect right to stay in his house if he wants to.

• Atticus also tells them to stop playing their stupid game, and Jem says they weren't making fun of Boo, inadvertently revealing to Atticus that they were in fact playing at being the Radleys.

• Jem eventually realizes he's been fooled by the oldest lawyer's trick in the book. Oops.

Gensis: Creation and Adam & Eve

THE CREATION STORY:

 

ADAM & EVE AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN:

 

QUESTION TO ANSWER IN COMMENTS SECTION:

(Make sure to add your name to your comment so you can get credit!)

 

Is Eve to blame for what happens to her and Adam? 

If so, why? 

If not, why not?  And who is then? 

 

Make sure to explain your answers clearly and convincingly!

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Four Summary

Chapter Four Summary:

 

 

Every day Scout runs by the Radley Place to get home after school.

One day she notices something, and works up the nerve to go back and look at it.

A tree at the edge of the Radley yard has some tinfoil stuck to a knothole, and inside the hole Scout finds two pieces of chewing gum.

She takes it home, and, after some testing to try to make sure it's not poisoned, she chews it.

Jem's not too pleased with this and makes her spit it out… and then gargle.

Finally, it's summer. Hooray! School's out!

On their way home, they find another piece of tinfoil in the same knothole, and behind it a jewelry box, decorated with more tinfoil, containing two Indian-head pennies.

Should they keep it? Chewing gum is one thing, but money is another entirely.

Soon Dill shows up, full of stories. They're already bored, so Dill kick things up a notch by saying he can smell death, and tells Scout that her end is near.

She tells him to shut it, and Jem mocks both of them for being (or pretending to be) superstitious.

They horse around a little, and Scout ends up flying down the sidewalk in a tire (don't ask), which ends up dumping her in …

The Radleys' front yard.

Thanks to this adventure, Jem invents a new game: acting out the life and times of Boo Radley.

The game starts out simple, but gets more and more complex as the summer goes on.

Atticus gives this game the side-eye, but he doesn't explicitly forbid them from doing it since he doesn't know for sure what they're doing.

But Scout isn't so sure. She's pretty convinced that when she got dumped out of the tire she heard someone laughing inside the Radley house.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 4 Summary." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.



To Kill a Mockingbird Chapte Three Summary

Chapter Three Summary:

 

Scout catches Walter Cunningham in the schoolyard and beats him up for being the reason she got in trouble, but Jem stops her.

She explains to Jem  what happened.

Jem invites Walter to come home for lunch with Scout and him.

At the Finch house, Atticus talks to Walter about farming, while Jem and Scout listen only half-understanding what they're talking about.

Walter asks for molasses, which he proceeds to pour all over his food.

Scout is all, "What?," and he stops in embarrassment.

Calpurnia calls Scout into the kitchen, where she gives her a lecture on hospitality—Walter's a guest and so he can basically do whatever he wants.

The kids go back to school, and Scout grumps silently about Calpurnia's lecture.

She's called back to the here and now by a shriek from Miss Caroline, who's seen a "cootie" - probably a louse, which may sound more familiar in the plural, lice -on one of the students.

Miss Caroline tries to send the student, named Burris Ewell, home to wash his hair (after looking up lice remedies in a reference book), and says he should take a bath (which he apparently really needs, since he looks worse than Pigpen from Peanuts) before coming back to class.

But Burris tells her that he's not coming back.

What? Apparently, Burris is one of the Ewells. Ewells come the first day to satisfy the truant officer and then skeddaddle.

Burris decides he's already done with school for the year even though the first day isn't over yet, and manages to make Miss Caroline cry before he leaves.

The other students try to cheer Miss Caroline up, and she reads them another boring story.

Highly dissatisfied with her first day of school, Scout goes home and makes plans to run away.

Atticus comes home from work, having apparently forgotten about Scout's lunchtime misbehavior, and Calpurnia gets back on Scout's good side with tasty crackling bread.

After dinner, Atticus invites Scout to come read with him, which brings up unpleasant memories.

Scout tries to convince Atticus that she doesn't really need to go to school, but he's not buying it.

She tells him about her first day of school, and Atticus tells her to try to think about things from the other person's perspective—in this case, Miss Caroline, who was only trying to do her best in a strange place, whose ways she doesn't yet understand.

Scout says that Burris Ewell stays home from school so she should be able to do so too, but apparently what holds true for Ewells doesn't apply to Finches.

Finally, Atticus proposes a compromise: they'll keep reading at home if she'll keep going to school—but she shouldn't tell Miss Caroline about it.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 3 Summary." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.

Video: How Does False News Spread So Fast??

 

 

This is why you shouldn't believe everything you read

 - even if it's in the news.

 

 

 

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Two Summary

Chapter Two Summary:

 

 



Summer's over, and Dill heads back home to Meridian.

The narrator (Scout) looks forward to joining the kids at school for the first time instead of spying on them through a telescope like a pint-size stalker.

Jem takes the narrator to school, and explains that it's different from home—and he doesn't want his first-grade sibling cramping his fifth-grade style.

The narrator's teacher is a young woman by the name of Miss Caroline Fisher, who's from North Alabama, otherwise known to the native Maycombians as Crazy Land.

Miss Caroline reads the class a story about cats and seems blithely unaware that she's already completely lost her audience, a bunch of farm kids who the narrator says are "immune to imaginative literature" (2.8).

Miss Caroline puts the alphabet up on the board. All of the class already knows it.

Amazing! Is it a class full of geniuses?

Nope. Most of them are starting first grade for the second time.

Miss Caroline asks the narrator to read, and is not pleased that she's already good at it.

See, the teacher assumes that Atticus has taught the narrator how to read. Apparently, these lessons must stop because Atticus isn't a licensed teacher and therefore is doing his child more harm than good.

Even though she's already a fluent reader, when the rest of the class is repeating first grade.

The narrator gets the impression that reading, which seems to come as naturally as breathing, is something like a sin when it's done out of class.

Trying to stay out of further trouble, the narrator zones out till recess, then complains to Jem.

Jem says that Miss Caroline is at the center of educational reform in the school, which he calls "the Dewey Decimal System".

This new system results in boring class time, so the narrator starts writing (in cursive) a letter to Dill. Miss Caroline makes the narrator stop, saying that first graders print, and cursive isn't taught until third grade.

The narrator remembers that Calpurnia had passed rainy days by giving writing lessons.

Miss Caroline is halted in her inspection of her students' lunches by Walter Cunningham, who doesn't have one.

She tries to lend him a quarter for lunch, but he refuses to take it.

The narrator, whose name we now learn is Jean Louise, steps in, explaining to Miss Caroline that Walter is a Cunningham.

That explanation, crystal clear to Jean Louise, doesn't mean much to Miss Caroline, so she explains further: the Cunninghams won't take anything from anybody, preferring to get by on the little they have.

Flashback: Jean Louise knows about the Cunninghams because Walter's father hired Atticus for some legal work, and paid for the service by barter rather than in cash.

Back to the schoolroom present: Jean Louise wants to explain but can't, so she just says that Miss Caroline is making Walter ashamed by trying to lend him money he can't pay back.

Miss Caroline cracks at this, and calls Jean Louise up to the front of the class, where she pats her hand with the ruler and makes her stand in the corner.

The class breaks out laughing when they realize that the ruler taps were supposed to be corporal punishment.

The bell rings and everyone leaves for lunch. Miss Caroline collapses with her head in her hands at her desk.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 2 Summary." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.

To Kill a Mockingbird: Important Characters

Hello ladies,

Reference this page to help you keep track of the important characters in To Kill a Mockingbird.  Check often as I will update this page as we meet new characters in our reading!

Love,
Ms. BOB





Important to remember:
 Scout Finch (Jean Louise)  is the NARRATOR.
 At the start of the novel, she is about 6 years old.



Important to remember:
 Jem Finch is Scout's older brother. 



Important to remember:
Atticus Finch is Scout and Jem's father. 
He is a well-respected lawyer in Maycomb.

Important to Remember:
Boo's real name is Arthur Radley.
 No one has seen Boo for 15+ years.
As a result, both children AND adults imagine all sorts of scary things that Boo does at night when everyone is sleeping. 
No one knows for sure, however, what Boo's deal is.

Important to remember:
Calpurinia (Cal) works for the Finches as their cook. 
She is also like a mother to Scout and Jem in many ways.
 She DOES NOT live with the Finches.

Important to remember:
 Dill was not raised in Maycomb and only visits in the summer. 
He is best friends with Scout and Jem.

 

Important to Remember:
Neighbor of Jem & Scout.
Treats Jem, Scout, and Dill like mature, young adults.
Doesn't really care what anyone thinks of her; she knows she's her own woman.
 

Important to Remember:
Accused of raping Mayella Ewell.
Husband to Helen Robinson.
Calpurnia describes him as "good, clean folk."
 



Important to Remember:
Atticus says his family "lives like animals."
Live at the town dump.
Doesn't work; lives off of welfare.
Uses welfare checks to buy alcohol - he is an alcoholic.
Neglects his children.

 

 

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter One Summary

Hello ladies!

Still feeling a little confused on what happened in Chapter One and what information to be annotating? 

Then this post is for you! 

Love,
Ms BOB

SETTING:

 

Welcome to small town Alabama, circa 1930s. It's a friendly town, with lots of old ladies baking cakes and small-town sheriffs saying folksy things.  It also has a pretty nasty racial divide.

To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the fictional small Southern town of Maycomb in the 1930s. Slavery and the Civil War of the 1860s still loom large in the rearview mirror, but the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s is just a wee little speck on the horizon. And Maycomb is going nowhere fast:

A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. (1.10) 

Lots in its own little world, Maycomb doesn't know what's happening elsewhere and doesn't care. Few people move there (not much reason to) and few people leave (why bother?).

CHAPTER ONE SUMMARY:

The story begins with an injury: the narrator's brother Jem got his arm broken when he was thirteen.

Luckily, his bum arm doesn't interfere with Jem's mad football skills, so he doesn't care much.

Years afterward, brother and narrator argue over where the story really starts: the narrator blames it on the Ewell family, while Jem (the older sibling by four years) puts the beginning at the summer they first met Dill.

The flash-forward conversation continues: the narrator says that if you want to get technical about it, everything began with Andrew Jackson, whose actions led their forefather Simon Finch to settle where he did.

The flash-forward becomes a flashback: Simon Finch was a pious and miserly Englishman who left his home country to wander around America, before settling in Alabama with his accumulated wealth, his family, and his slaves.

Sounds like a laugh and a half.

Simon's homestead was called Finch's Landing (natch), and was a mostly self-sufficient estate run by Simon's male descendants, who sold cotton to buy what the farm couldn't produce itself.

The Civil War put an end to a lot of that (like the slave-owning), but the tradition of living off the land remained.

Until now. Atticus, the narrator's father, studied law in Montgomery, while his younger brother went all the way to Boston to become a doctor.

Woohoo, upward mobility!

The only Finch left at the Landing is their sister Alexandra and her quiet husband.

After becoming a lawyer, Atticus returned to Maycomb, the county seat of Maycomb County, twenty miles from Finch's landing.

Atticus feels at home in Maycomb, not least because he's related to nearly everyone in the town.

Out of the flashback, into the present-time of the story (which we already know the narrator's actually remembering. Confused? Hop over to "Point of View/Narrative Voice" if you want the 411 on that right now).

The narrator thinks about the Maycomb s/he (we don't know which yet) knew. It's not a happening place. Everyone moves slower than sweat, and there's not much worth hurrying for, let alone much sense of what might be happening outside the county lines.

The narrator lives on the town's main residential drag with her brother Jem, her father Atticus, and their cook Calpurnia, who is a force to be reckoned with.

You may notice there's no mom to be found: she died when the narrator was two, and the narrator doesn't really remember her, though Jem does.

The story really gets underway the summer when the narrator is five going on six and Jem is nine going on ten.

This is the summer Dill arrives in Maycomb.

Their first meeting happens like this: Jem and the narrator are playing in their backyard, hear a noise next door, and go to check it out. They find a small boy, six going on seven but looking younger, who introduces himself as Charles Baker Harris and announces that he can read.

Well, we're off to a good start.

Charles Baker Harris says that people call him Dill, so we will too.

Dill tells the narrator and Jem a bit about himself: he's from Meridian, Mississippi, but he's spending the summer with his aunt, the Finches' next-door neighbor Miss Rachel.

The narrator asks Dill about his absent father. Apparently this is a sore subject, so Jem tells his sibling to shut up.

Jem, Dill, and the narrator spend the summer acting out stories from the books they've read, over and over and over.

Sound boring? Eventually, the kids think so too.

Dill comes to the rescue with a new idea: they can try to make Boo Radley come out.

The Radley Place is the haunted house of the neighborhood, complete with ghost Boo Radley, who got in trouble with the law as a teenager and has been holed up in the house unseen ever since. 

The house has quite the reputation with the neighborhood kids, who avoid it at all costs.

Now we hear a story about Boo, courtesy of Jem, courtesy of Miss Stephanie Crawford, the neighborhood busybody: When Boo was 33 years old, he was cutting out newspaper articles for his scrapbook when he suddenly stabbed the scissors into his father's leg, then calmly went back to what he was doing.

After that Boo was locked up by the police briefly, and there was talk of sending him to an insane asylum. In the end, he ended up back in the Radley Place.

When Boo's father died, Boo's older brother Nathan moved in to take over. Nothing much changed at the Radley Place.

Rumor has it that Boo gets out at night and stalks around the neighborhood, but none of the kids has ever actually seen him.

Jem makes up horror stories about what Boo's like (think a cross between a vampire and a zombie), but Dill still wants to see him.

Or rather, he wants Jem to go knock on the Radleys' door.

Jem tries to get out of the dare without showing he's scared but then gives in when Dill says he doesn't have to knock, just touch the door.

Jem works up his nerve, dashes up to the house, slaps the door, and runs back at top speed without looking behind him.

After reaching safety on their own porch, the kids look at the Radley Place, but all they see is the hint of an inside shutter moving. 

Shmoop Editorial Team. (2008, November 11). To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 1 Summary. Retrieved October 1, 2015 from http://www.shmoop.com/to-kill-a-mockingbird/chapter-1-summary.html

To Kill a Mockingbird Pre-reading: Historical Context

Hello ladies!

Next week we will begin our literature study of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. I am so excited to read this with you because it is my absolute most favorite book ever!

 

To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the South during 1930s and involves two significant periods of time in United States history: The Great Depression and The Jim Crow Era.  Understanding these two eras is critical to understanding the characters and events in the story.  Since I'm guessing none of you were alive in 1930s, I've posted some videos below on The Great Depression and The Jim Crow Era to help you begin to get a sense of what was happening during this time.

 

Watch ALL the videos below and take notes on dates, events, facts, and images that you think are important in understanding the time period.  Be prepared to discuss your observations/notes in class.

 

Feel free to leave (appropriate) comments below with any questions or observations you want to share with me or your classmates.

 

Happy watching!

 

Love,

Ms. BOB

 

The Great Depression Videos

Video 1:

 

 

Video 2:

 

 

 

Jim Crow Videos

 

Video 1:

 

 

 

Video 2: